Mamwe masisitimu ekushanda anouya oenda asina mukurumbira, nepo mamwe achiratidza shanduko huru. Windows 95 yapinda muchikamu chechipirikuva chiitiko chehunyanzvi, tsika uye zvekutengeserana chatichiri kurangarira makore makumi matatu mushure mekutangwa kwayo.
Zvinopfuura kungovandudza chete, Windows 95 yaive danho guru reMicrosoft mukushandiswa kwemakombiyuta nevanhu vakawandaZvakachinja mashandisiro ataiita maPC edu, mashandisiro ataiita mapurogiramu, mashandisiro ataiita internet, uye kunyange mashandisiro ataiita computer yacho kumba nemuhofisi. Ngatitarisei zvakanyanya kuti chii chakaita kuti ive yakakosha, kuti yakaiswa sei, kuti yaida hardware yakaita sei, kuti yaidhura zvakadii, kuti yakaita basa rei mukuwedzera internet, uye kuti nei ichiri nyaya iri kukurukurwa nanhasi.
Kutangwa kwaiita sechiitiko chetsika
Microsoft payakasarudza kuburitsa Windows 95, haina kungoiisa muzvitoro chete uye ndizvo chete. Kambani iyi yakatanga mushandirapamwe wekutengesa software usati wamboonekwaKuibata seyakakura muHollywood. Chinhu chakanyanya kufadza rwiyo rweRolling Stones rwekuti "Start Me Up," rwakashandiswa muzviziviso zveterevhizheni uye rwakanyatsokodzera nekuti sisitimu itsva iyi yakabatanidza, kekutanga, bhatani rakakurumbira reStart.
Kubhejera uku kwekushambadzira kwaive kutsamwisa zvikuru panguva iyoyo: Pane nyaya yekudyara mari inosvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu emadhora mukushambadzira chete.Mamiriyoni gumi nemana emadhora aya angadai akaendeswa kumari yeRolling Stones. Zvakaguma zvaitika ndezvekuti kutanga kweWindows 95 kwakaitika sechiitiko chemagariro evanhu: vanhu vaimira pakati pehusiku muzvitoro, nhau huru, uye mamiriyoni evashandisi vaida kubhadhara mari yakawanda yehurongwa hutsva.
Kunyangwe zvinganzwika sekunge zvakanyanyisa, Kubudirira kwehupfumi kwakakonzerwa nekutangwa kwechirongwa ichi kwakaonekwa kubva pazuva rekutanga.Mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga chete, Microsoft inofungidzirwa kuti yakawana mari inosvika mamiriyoni mazana manomwe kusvika mazana manomwe nemakumi maviri emadhora mukutengesa. Mukati megore rekutanga, makopi angangoita mamiriyoni makumi mana akanga atengeswa, uye vagadziri vemidziyo vanopfuura mazana mana vakanga vachiisa pamakombiyuta avo, uye mukana wekuti gadzirisa OEM ruzivo Zvakabatsira pakugadzirisa michina iyi, uye mashandisirwo anosvika 4.500 anoenderana nayo anowanikwa.
Kubatanidzwa kweMS-DOS neWindows: nzvimbo itsva yekutanga
Windows 95 isati yatanga, mamiriro acho ezvinhu aive akaoma kune mushandisi wepakati: kana kuti wakashanda zvakananga neMS-DOS uchishandisa mirairo Kana kuti wakashandisa Windows 3.x semufananidzo wepamusoro peDOS iyoyo, ine interface iri nyore kushandisa asi isina kurongeka uye isingaenderane nezvatinonzwisisa nhasi sesystem yekushandisa yedesktop.
Neshanduro itsva, Microsoft yakatora danho rekupedzisira kuenda kunzvimbo yakabatana yakatanga zvakananga muWindowsMushandisi aivhura komputa uye paizobuda graphical interface yemazuva ano, ine bhatani rekuti Start, taskbar iri pasi, uye mahwindo aitarisirwa zvakanaka. Maitiro aya airatidza danho guru mukushandiswa uye akagadzira hwaro hwatichiri kushandisa nanhasi, nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda.
Uyewo, Windows 95 ndiyo yaive yekutanga chaiyo ye32-bit architecture muWindows ecosystem yevatengi.Izvi zvakaita kuti RAM itarisirwe zviri nani, igadzikane zvakanyanya, uye ishande kwenguva yakareba kupfuura dzimwe shanduro dzekare. Pamwe chete neizvi, hardware yakagadziridzwa uye rutsigiro rwekunze zvakaita kuti system ive puratifomu yakakura yebasa, kutamba, uye networking.
Zvitsva zvikuru zvehunyanzvi: kubva paPlug and Play kusvika paFAT-32
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuyeukwa zveWindows 95 ndicho chinhu chakakurumbira Plug uye Play. Tekinoroji iyi yakabvumira sisitimu iyi kuona nekugadzirisa otomatiki kana chinhu chinoenderana nacho chakabatana.Kusvika panguva iyoyo, kuisa sound card, printer, kana network card kwaigona kuva dambudziko diki re jumpers, IRQs, uye madhiraivha. NeWindows 95, ruzivo rwacho, kunyange rwusiri rwakakwana, rwakavandudzika zvakanyanya uye rwakaita kuti kushandiswa kumba uye nehunyanzvi kuve nyore.
Chimwe chinhu chitsva chakakosha kwaive kutsigira mazita marefu emafaira nemafolda, anosvika mavara mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nemashanuMuzvizvarwa zvakapfuura, waifanira kugadzirisa fomati ye8.3 (mabhii masere, chibodzwa, uye kuwedzera kwemabhii matatu), izvo zvakakumanikidza kunyora mazita akavanzika. NeWindows 95, kupa mazita anotsanangura kumagwaro nemadhairekitori kwakava chinhu chekare, uye zvaiita semashiripiti zvichienzaniswa nekare.
Kuita mabasa akawanda kwakawedzerawo zvakanyanya: Windows 95 yakavandudza kugona kwekushandisa maapplication akawanda panguva imwe chete pasina kuti system iderere zvakanyanya kudaro. Pamusoro pezvo, taskbar yakava nzvimbo yakakosha yekudzora mahwindo, kuona kuti ndeapi mapurogiramu akavhurika, uye kugadzirisa zviri nani mashandiro ebasa.
Kupfuuridza nguva, Microsoft yagadzirisa hurongwa hwayo neService Packs dzinoverengeka uye zvichangobva kugadziriswa. Vakawedzera zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita seFAT-32 file system (inoshanda zvakanyanya nemadhisiki makuru), rutsigiro rwema USB ports, bhazi reUDMA rekuvandudza kutamiswa kwedata, uye chiteshi cheAGP chakagadzirirwa makadhi emifananidzo ane simba. Zvese izvi zvakabatsira Windows 95 kuvaka hwaro hwePC yemazuva ano sepuratifomu yebasa uye yekuvaraidza.
Zvinodiwa zve Hardware: kubva pa4 MB ye RAM kusvika pa4 GB yazvino
Kana ndichifunga nezvekare, zvinodiwa zvishoma zveWindows 95 zvinonzwika sekuseka, asi panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakakomba. Microsoft inokurudzira processor yeIntel 80386 senzira yekutanga yekugadzirisa. (386 inozivikanwa), 4 MB ye RAM, nzvimbo yemahara yehard drive inosvika 55 MB uye kadhi remifananidzo rinoenderana neVGA resolution.
Kuti uwane zvakawanda kubva muhurongwa, kunyanya kana uchida kuita mabasa akawanda zviri nyore uye kubatana neinternet, Kambani iyi yakakurudzira processor yeIntel Pentium kana yakaenzana nayo.8 MB ye RAM, nzvimbo yekuchengetera inosvika 80 MB, uye monitor inokwanisa kubata SVGA resolution. Muchokwadi, vashandisi vazhinji vaive vasina zvekushandisa zvakakwana, asi musanganiswa iwoyo "wakakurudzirwa" wakapa ruzivo rwakanaka panguva iyoyo.
Kana tikaenzanisa nezvinodiwa pari zvino zveWindows 11, tinogona kuona nekukurumidza kuti nyaya yacho yachinja sei. Nhasi uno mari shoma inosvika 4 GB ye RAM uye nzvimbo yekuchengetera inosvika 64 GBPamusoro pe resolution yescreen yeinenge 720p, zvichienzaniswa ne480p yenguva yeWindows 95, panewo chinodiwa cheTPM module uye chisungo chekupinda neakaundi yeMicrosoft mune dzakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu - zvinodiwa izvo vashandisi vazhinji vanoedza kunzvenga nekuti vanozviona zvichinetsa kana zvisina basa.
Windows 95 yakadhura marii uye modhi yemarezinesi yakachinja sei?
Muzuva rake, Windows 95 yakanga isina kudhura zvakanyanya: rezinesi rayo raidhura mari inosvika $209Mari iyoyo yakagadziridzwa zvichienderana ne inflation, uye nhasi yave kuda kusvika $400. Sisitimu iyi yakagoverwa paCD-ROM apo fomati iyi yakatanga kupararira, kunyangwe paivewo neshanduro pama floppy disks gumi nematatu ane density yakakura yemakomputa ayo akanga asina CD drive.
Mutengo hauna kunonotsa kutengesa: Nhamba dzezuva rekutanga negore rekutanga dzakaratidza kuti musika waida kubhadhara Nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye mushandirapamwe wenhau usingaregi, Microsoft yakanga yatove kuwana mari yakawanda neshanduro dzekare, asi Windows 95 yakawedzera simba rayo pakombiyuta, zvichiita kuti Bill Gates ave murume akapfuma pasi rose kwemakore.
Kupfuuridza nguva, Maitiro ebhizinesi reMicrosoft akachinja zvakanyanyaSemuenzaniso, neWindows 10, kambani iyi yakapa kuvandudzwa kwemahara kune vashandisi vane marezenisi epamutemo eWindows 7 neWindows 8.x, chero bedzi hardware yavo yaienderana. Gare gare, vakadzokorora nzira iyi nekubvumira kuvandudzwa kwemahara kubva kuWindows 10 kuenda kuWindows 11, mukuedza kuunza ruzhinji rwevashandisi kuvhezheni yazvino.
Nhasi, Marezenisi epamutemo eWindows 11 ane mitengo yakasiyana zvikuru zvichienderana neshanduro.Shanduro yeHome inodhura inosvika €145, nepo shanduro yePro iri inosvika €259. Panguva imwe chete, zviri nyore kuwana marezenisi akachipa (anenge €15-20) anotengeswa semakiyi ekushandisa kamwe chete pakombiyuta imwe chete, ayo akasiyana zvikuru nemarezenisi ekutengesa eMicrosoft anogona kudzimwa pakombiyuta imwe uye kushandiswazve pane imwe.
Windows 95 uye democratization ye graphical interface
Patinofunga nezvekufarirwa kwe graphical user interface, Apple's Macintosh, yakatangwa muna 1984, inowanzouya mupfungwa. Zvisinei, Panyaya yehuwandu uye kusvika pasi rose, Windows 95 ndiyo yaive standardizer chaiyo yeGUI. kune veruzhinji. Kamwe kamwe, mamiriyoni evashandisi vakanga vasati vambobata komputa vakazviwana vaine mahwindo, zviratidzo, nembeva zvaivabvumira kudzora zvese nenzira yekufungidzira.
Chizvarwa chechina cheWindows yedesktop Yakachinja komputa kuita chimwe chishandiso chepamba kumba uye muhofisiVanhu vakanga vasina kana komputa vakamhanyira kutenga imwe, vachikurudzirwa nekushambadzira uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu kuti "vave neWindows." Start menu nebarbar zvakava zvinhu zvakajairika zvekuti, makore makumi matatu gare gare, shanduko yega yega inounzwa neMicrosoft kwavari ichiri kukonzera gakava.
Iyi interface inoenderana, yakavakirwa paWindows uye nzira pfupi, Yakagadzira muenzaniso wekudyidzana uchiri kukanganisa magadzirirwo emasystem ekushanda aripo iye zvino.Kunyangwe yakagadziriswa uye yakagadziriswa kuti ishande nema touchscreen, malaptop akajeka, nezvimwewo, pfungwa huru dzakatangwa neWindows 95 dzichiri kushanda.
Basa reWindows 95 mukuwedzera kweinternet
Kunze kwekushandisa ma "interface" uye kushambadza, pamwe chinhu chikuru chakakonzerwa neWindows 95 chaive mukubatana kwatinoita netiweki. Yaiva imwe yenzira dzekutanga dzakakurumbira kusanganisira mashandiro anodiwa pakushandisa internet sezvakajairwa.kubatanidza mapuroteni akadai seTCP/IP nePPP pasina kumanikidza mushandisi kuisa mamwe maturusi kana kugadzirisa magadzirirwo asinganzwisisike.
Kusvikira ipapo, Kupinda online kwaisanganisira kuisa mamwe masoftware akadai seNCSA Mosaic kana Netscape Navigator. uye kuita magadzirirwo ehunyanzvi akaoma, chimwe chinhu chakachengeterwa vanofarira kana nyanzvi. NeWindows 95, chaingodiwa chete modem nenharembozha kuti mushandisi wepakati akwanise kushandisa network zvakananga kubva kuoperating system, izvo zvakakurumidzisa kushandiswa kweinternet pasi rese.
Mukufanana, Microsoft yakatanga kugovera Internet Explorer sechikamu chesystemPakutanga, zvainge zvakaita sekuwedzera, asi zvakakurumidza kuva chikamu chikuru cheruzivo rweWindows. Kufamba uku, kwaionekwa sekwenhoroondo nevakawanda, kwakabvisa zvishoma nezvishoma Netscape, iyo yaive mutungamiriri asina mubvunzo mumabhurawuza kusvika panguva iyoyo. Gare gare, zvaizotungamira muhondo dzemutemo pamusoro pekushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwenzvimbo huru pamusika, asi muma90, zvaireva kuti mamiriyoni evashandisi vakapinda pawebhu kekutanga nechiratidzo cheIE pamatafura avo.
Bill Gates, achiziva nezvekuchinja uku, Akatonyora memo yakakurumbira inonzi "The Internet Tidal Wave"Mariri, akasimbisa kugona kwenetwork sepuratifomu huru inotevera yekombuta. Kunyangwe Microsoft pakutanga yaifunga nezvekubhadharisa mari yekuwedzera kune zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita neinternet, musika nepfungwa dzakazopedzisira dzaraira kuti zvese izvi zviitwe sezvinodiwa. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, kubatanidzwa kwesystem yekushandisa nekubatana kwepamhepo kwakava chinhu chakajairika, chimwe chinhu chatisingatore sechisina basa nhasi.
Munhu anoisa zvinhu zvine hunyanzvi sezvaari akangwara
Kunyange zvazvo kuisa operating system nhasi kuchiwanzoitika nekutanga kubva pa USB drive uye kutevera graphical wizard, muna 1995 mamiriro acho akanga akasiyana zvachose. Kuisa Windows 95 kwaisanganisira kushandisa masisitimu matatu akasiyana ekushanda akatevedzana., chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvekuti Microsoft haina kudzokorora zano rakafanana.
Panguva yebasa racho, mushandisi akafamba munzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyanaKutanga, application ye text-mode iri pasi pe MS-DOS, tevere vhezheni shoma ye Windows 3.1, uye pakupedzisira 32-bit graphical environment itsva ye Windows 95. Rudzi urwu rwe "Frankenstein monster" rwaisava rwechido, asi mhinduro inoshanda kumatambudziko akati wandei ehunyanzvi uye ekubatana avainawo patafura.
Raymond Chen, mainjiniya weMicrosoft ane ruzivo, akatsanangura makore akazotevera kuti Microsoft yaifanira kufunga nezvematanho matatu ekutanga ekuisaVashandisi vanobva kuMS-DOS, vashandisi vatova paWindows 3.1, uye vashandisi vakamboisa Windows 95 vaida kugadzirisa kana kuisazve. Imwe nzira iri nyore ingadai yave yekugadzira vanoisa vatatu vakasiyana, asi izvozvo zvingadai zvakawedzera kuomarara uye kuchengetedza kodhi zvakanyanya.
Pane kugovana basa racho, Mainjiniya vakagadzira hurongwa hwezvirongwa hwaishanda mumamiriro ese matatu.Danho rekutanga raiitwa pasi peMS-DOS uye ndiro raigadzira sisitimu iyi. Tevere, nzvimbo diki yeWindows 3.1 yakatangwa, yakakwana kushandisa 16-bit graphical installer. Muroyi uyu akaunganidza ruzivo rwakawanda rwekugadzirisa uye akaona hardware yacho. Danho rechitatu uye rekupedzisira, raiitwa paWin32 base yeWindows 95, rakapedza mabasa akadai sekuisa maprinta nema peripherals.
Pane imwe nguva, kugadzira vhezheni ye "mini" 32-bit yeWindows 95 chete yemugadziri kwaifungwa, asi Chikwata chakaramba pfungwa iyi nekuda kwenguva shoma uye kudzokororwa kwekodhi kwaidiwa.Uyezve, mutemo wemukati usina kunyorwa waiteverwa: kumanikidza mushandisi kutangazve kashoma. Chirongwa chakakura chaizoreva kutangazve kwakawanda uye maitiro akaoma kumushandisiwo zvake.
Mimhanzi yekutanga, mitambo, uye tsika dzakakurumbira
Windows 95 haina kungosiya chiratidzo chayo chete, asi yakaitawo saizvozvo pakuwedzera ruzivo rwepfungwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuyeukwa ndechekuti... rwiyo rwekutanga, rwakanyorwa naBrian EnoMicrosoft yakamutumira runyorwa rwemashoko anosvika zana nemakumi mashanu kuti amukurudzire—mazwi akadai sekuti “sexy,” “nostalgic,” “provocative,” uye “sentimental”—uye yakamukumbira kuti aapfupise ese mumasekonzi 3,8 chete. Nyaya inoshamisa ndeyekuti Eno pachake akabvuma kuti akagadzira chinyorwa ichi achishandisa Mac nekuti aisada Windows.
Mundima yevaraidzo, Windows 95 yakavandudza zvakanyanya ruzivo rwemitambo yePCUye nhasi zvinogoneka Kuvandudza mitambo yeWindows 95 ne98 mumasisitimu emazuva ano. Kugadziriswa kwendangariro kuri nani, magadzirirwo e32-bit, uye kuvandudzwa kwakazotevera kwakadai seDirectX uye rutsigiro rwakavandudzwa rwe graphics hardware zvakabatsira kusimbisa PC sepuratifomu yemitambo, chimwe chinhu chakashandisa Microsoft kwemakumi emakore, ichitoshandisa chikamu ichocho pane dzimwe nzira dzakadai seDOS chaiyo kana mamwe masisitimu.
Kuwedzera kune zvese zvataurwa pamusoro apa, mufananidzo wevashandisi vari mumutsetse wekutenga mabhokisi chaiwo ane mafloppy disk gumi nematatu Uye nekubhadhara mari inodarika $200, akabatsira Windows 95 kuti igare yakanyura mutsika dzakakurumbira. Nhasi uno, zvinoshamisa kuienzanisa nemamiriro ezvinhu neWindows 11, vhezheni iyo vashandisi vazhinji vasingade kuisa kunyangwe kana kuvandudzwa kuri kwemahara.
Zvine musoro here kushandisa Windows 95 nhasi?
Kana paine munhu akawana pfungwa yekudzokera kuWindows 95 senzira huru yekushandisa, Chokwadi ndechekuti hazvina basa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwanhasiInogona kubatsira, ine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, pamabasa ari nyore akadai sekunyora magwaro, kugadzira maspredishiti akareruka kana kugadzirira mharidzo neshanduro dzekare dzeOffice, asi hapana chimwe chazvo.
Chitsitsinho chikuru cheAchilles chiri muwebhu yemazuva ano: Internet Explorer yeWindows 95 haishande netekinoroji dziripo iye zvinoHTML5 kana mitemo yekuchengetedzwa uye mashandiro aripo hazvienderane. Kana peji ikakwanisa kurodha, chiratidziro chinoderedzwa kuita sechinyorwa chisina kujeka. Hapana rutsigiro rwemutyairi rwakagadziridzwa kana ma patches ekuchengetedza, zvichiita kuti chero kubatana kwenetiweki kubva munzvimbo iyi kusashande chete asiwo kuve nengozi.
Nezvose, Windows 95 ichiri chinhu chinoda kufungisiswa uye chinosuwisa vanhu vakawanda vanofarira zvinhu zvekare.Kune mifananidzo yakagadzirirwa kuishandisa mumichina chaiyo, mapurojekiti anoita kuti ishande mubrowser iri nyore, uye kunyange vhezheni yakarongedzwa neElectron yakagadzirwa nemugadziri weSlack. Iyi yekupedzisira inogoverwa seapplication yeWindows, Linux, uye macOS, uye kunyangwe isiri yemuno, inoshanda zvakakwana pakugadzirisa system yekare uye kurangarira kuti desktop yaive yakaita sei pakati pemakore ekuma90.
Ko hurongwa hwegore ra1995 hucharamba huchitonga purazi rini muna 2025?
Kunze kwekusuwa nguva yakapfuura, kune dzimwe nguva apo Windows 95 inoramba iri musimboti wemagadzirirwo epasi reseMumwe wemienzaniso inonyanya kushamisa ndewepurazi rehuku rekuGermany iro rakatanga kutaurwa nezvaro zvakanyanya zvekuti rave kuramba richishandisa sisitimu iyi yekushanda makore makumi matatu mushure mekutangwa kwayo.
Muridzi wepurazi, Peter Huber, Inoshandisa muchina mukuru wekupatsanura mazai une nzvimbo inosvika 40 square metresSisitimu iyi inogadzirisa mazai anosvika zviuru makumi mana pazuva zvichienderana nehuremu, kwaakabva, uye mhando. Kugadzira otomatiki kwese kunoenderana nesoftware chaiyo yakagadzirirwa Windows 95, saka kugadzirisa sisitimu yekushandisa kunogona kukonzera njodzi huru yekumisa kugadzirwa kwenguva isingazivikanwi.
Muchiitiko ichi, kuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta hakunyanyi kukosha nekuti Nzvimbo dzekushandisa network yepurazi iri dzakaparadzaniswa zvachose neinternetZvisinei, dambudziko guru rinobva mumusoro nderimwe dambudziko: hardware. Kana chinhu chikatyoka—hard drive, printer, kadhi rekare—kutsvaga zvimwe zvinhu zvinoenderana neWindows 95 kunova dambudziko diki, rinozonyanya kuoma nekufamba kwenguva.
Kuvandudza zvivakwa zvese kuita masisitimu emazuva ano Isarudzo iyo muridzi wayo anenge asingaibvumi zvachose.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemutengo, unorema kune SME yakakura, uye kutya kumisa kugadzirwa kana chimwe chinhu chikafamba zvisina kunaka panguva yekufambisa masensa, macontroller, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha. Pfungwa yacho yakajeka: chero bedzi zvese zvichiri kushanda uye zvimwe zvikamu zviripo, mamiriro ezvinhu acharamba aripo; dambudziko richagadziriswa kana pasina imwe sarudzo.
Windows 95 ichiripo
Rudzi urwu rwenyaya runoratidza kuti Masisitimu ekushanda anoonekwa seakaremara anogona kuramba achipa kukosha kupfuura hupenyu hwawo hwepfungwaIzvi zvinonyanya kuitika munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri uko kugadzikana kunokosheswa kupfuura hunyanzvi. Zvisinei, mukana wekukanganisa uri kudzikira sezvo michina yekutsiva iri kushomeka, zvichipa pfungwa yekuti akawanda ema "classic" systems aya ari kusvika kumagumo ekushanda kwawo.
Panguva ino, mushure mekuongorora kuburitswa kwayo munhau, hunyanzvi hwayo hwekugadzira, shanduko mukubatana kwayo neinternet, maitiro ayo akasiyana ekuisa, uye mamiriro akaipisisa ayo ichiri kushandiswa, zviri pachena kuti Windows 95 yakanga inopfuura kungofanana neshanduro ye operating system: ndiyo yakachinja zvinhu zvakaita kuti makombiyuta ne internet zvive pachena. uye yakasimbisa kutonga kweMicrosoft pakombiyuta, nhaka ichiri kutsanangura mashandisiro atinoita makombiyuta nhasi. Goverana ruzivo uye vamwe vashandisi vachadzidza nezvenyaya iyi.