Linux inorayira kuwana ruzivo rwehardware (kuenzanisa neWindows)

Linux yabva pakuva "chimwe chinhu chevanyanzvi vezvemagariro evanhu" kuenda pakuva imwe nzira yakakomba zvikuru MaWindows ekutamba mitambo, kushanda, uye kushandisa hardware yePC zvakanyanya. NeSteamOS, Steam Deck, nezvimwe zvishandiso zvakaita seLenovo Legion Go, vashandisi vakawanda vari kusarudza kuisa Linux distribution pane partition kana senzira yavo huru yekushandisa, nekuti kazhinji inoshanda zvirinani. inodzora bhatiri zviri nani uye inopa chiitiko chakanakisa.

Hunhu hwakafanana hwekuvhurika uye hwemagariro evanhu hweGNU/Linux hune divi rakakosha.Hakuna mugadziri mumwe chete anodzora zvese; kugoverwa kweLinux kwakasiyana-siyana, uye rutsigiro kubva kune vamwe vagadziri vehardware rwakashata kana kuti harupo. Ndosaka zvichikosha kuziva chaizvo kuti une hardware ipi, kuti Linux iri kuiona sei, uye kuti ndeapi mirairo kana maturusi aunogona kushandisa kuenzanisa ma specifications iwayo neeWindows PC usati wachinja komputa yako kana kugadzirisa zvikamu.

Sei zvichikosha kuti Linux ione hardware yako nemazvo?

Kuisa Linux distro yemazuva ano kunowanzo kuve nyore sekuisa WindowsAsi kana zvinhu zvikafamba zvisina kunaka, zvinowanzokonzerwa nerutsigiro rwemutyairi. Kazhinji, CPU, RAM, GPU, uye USB peripherals zvinoshanda pasina dambudziko, asi zvichiri zvakajairika kusangana nemakadhi enetwork, sound, kana Wi-Fi asingaonekwe nemazvo kana anoshandisa madhiraivha akajairika ane mashandiro mashoma.

MuWindows tajaira zvakanyanya kushandisa zvishandiso zvese "kuzvigadzira". Nekuda kweWindows Update nevanogadzira zviri pamutemo, unogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande, nepo muGNU/Linux dzimwe nguva uchifanira kukwiza maoko ako zvishoma. Ungangoda kuunganidza module, kuwedzera PPA, kuvhura repository yako, kana kutsvaga dhiraivha inoshanda isingapihwe nemugadziri.

Kuziva zvakadzama kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zvaunazvo uye chaizvo zvinoonekwa nesystem Zvinokutendera kuti ubvunze rubatsiro mumaforamu nemunharaunda nekupa ruzivo rwakarurama, kuona kana zvakakodzera kuchinja kushandisa hardware nerutsigiro rwuri nani, kana kutarisa kana zvakakodzera kukwidziridzwa kuenda kuPC itsva uye kana uchizoona kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yako yauri kushandisa pari zvino.

Kana nharaunda isati yagadzira imwe dhiraivha yemudziyo wakoUchafanira kufunga zvakadzama nezvekutsiva chikamu ichocho nechinoenderana neLinux. Kuti uite sarudzo ine ruzivo, uchafanirwa kuve nyanzvi yekushandisa maturusi ekuziva hardware muLinux neWindows, pamwe nemirairo yekey terminal.

Nzira dzekuwana ruzivo rwehardware muGNU/Linux

MuLinux unogona kuwana matsanangudzo ekombuta yako uchishandisa nzira mbiri huruMashandisirwo emifananidzo (GUIs) uye ma console utilities anobatsira kushandisa ruzivo muchimiro chemavara. Zvakanaka, zvese zvinofanirwa kubatanidzwa: graphical interface kuti ionekwe nekukurumidza uye terminal kuti iwane ruzivo rwakadzama uye ma script.

Kana uri kufunga kutenga komputa itsva uye uchida kuienzanisa neyawatova nayoNzira idzi dzichakubatsira kuziva kuti uri kushandisa RAM yakawanda sei, kuti muchina wako une CPU neGPU zvakadii, nzvimbo yekuchengetera yauinayo uye kuti ma partitions acho anogoverwa sei, pamwe nekuona matambudziko angangoitika.

Mifananidzo yekushandisa muLinux yekuona hardware

Kugoverwa kwakawanda kunosanganisira paneti rekuti "About" kana kuti "System Information". Mukati megadziriro yacho, uchawana ruzivo rwekutanga rwakadai se processor, memory, graphics type, uye distribution version. Hazvina kuipa kutanga, asi hazvishande kana uchida ruzivo nezve chipset, mabhazi, masensa, kana vhezheni chaiyo yechikamu chimwe nechimwe.

HardInfo: "AIDA64" yekare kubva kuGNU/Linux

HardInfo ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvemifananidzo zvakakwana uye zvakakurumbira kuti uwane data rehardware munzvimbo dzakadai seUbuntu, Linux Mint, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa neDebian. Pfungwa dzayo dzakafanana zvikuru neAIDA64 kana HWInfo muWindows: skana system woratidza ruzivo rwacho muzvikamu zvakajeka.

Kuisa kuri nyore kwazvo pakugoverwa kwakavakirwa paDebian/UbuntuUnogona kutsvaga "hardinfo" muSoftware Manager / Software Center (pane mamwe masisitimu inoonekwa se "System Profiler uye Benchmark"), kana kuiisa zvakananga kubva paterminal ne:

Kuisa rairo: sudo apt-get install hardinfo
sudo apt install hardinfo

Paunovhura HardInfo uchaona divi rine zvikamu zveCPU, memory, motherboard, network, uye storage. nezvimwe, pamwe chete neruzivo rwakadzama rwemidziyo. Zvinobatsira zvikuru pakutarisa kana sisitimu yaona hardware yako nemazvo, mamodheru chaiwo, uye shanduro dzemudziyo wega wega.

Imwe mukana weHardInfo ndeyekuti inosanganisira zviyero zvidiki izvo zvinobvumira kuyedzwa kwekushushikana kwemaCPU nezvimwe zvikamu kuenzanisa mashandiro kana kutarisa tembiricha (zvakabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvishandiso) uye kuona kugadzikana kana matambudziko ekudzora.

CPU-X: imwe nzira yemhando yeCPU-Z

CPU-X ipurogiramu yakavhurika yakafuridzirwa neWindows CPU-Z.Yakagadzirwa kuti iratidze zvakajeka ruzivo nezve CPU yako, ma cache, motherboard, memory, system, uye graphics muma tabs akawanda akarongwa zvakanaka, inonyanya kukodzera vashandisi vanobva kuWindows vanoda chimwe chinhu chavanoziva.

NeCPU-X uchaona ruzivo rwakanyatsojeka rwe microprocessor (frequency, macores, threads, tekinoroji yekugadzira, mirairo inotsigirwa), ye chipset, RAM yakaiswa, uye kadhi remifananidzo. Ruzivo urwu rwakakwana pakuenzanisa system yako yazvino neiri mucatalog kana nePC itsva yauri kufunga nezvayo.

Chishandiso ichi chinoenderana neLinux neBSD Inowanzo kuwanikwa mumarepository kana mumafomati akaita seFlatpak (Flathub). Unogona zvakare kuidhawunirodha kubva papeji rayo reGitHub, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugara uine vhezheni yazvino.

CPU-Fetch: kutarisa kwakazara pa processor

CPU-Fetch chishandiso chidiki, chakavhurika chinotarisa paCPU.Zvakakodzera kana uchida kuziva kuti une processor ipi uye kuti yakasiyana sei neitsva yauri kufunga nezvayo. Inoratidza magadzirirwo, huwandu hwemacores netambo, maximum frequency, L1/L2/L3 caches, AVX instructions, uye peak theoretical performance.

Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti CPU-Fetch inowanikwa muchiSpanish.Saka, chipingamupinyi chemutauro chinonyangarika. Nzvimbo yayo inochengetedza ruzivo rwekuti ungaiisa sei zvichienderana nekugoverwa kwako (Debian, Arch, Fedora, nezvimwewo), uye mumirairo mishoma chete uchava nayo ichitanga kushanda muterminal yako.

Zvimwe zvishandiso zvemifananidzo muLinux

Kunze kweHardInfo neCPU-X, kune mamwe maGUI anobatsira muGNU/Linux ecosystem kuti uone zvinodiwa nePC, zvakaita se:

• G-CPUYakafuridzirwa neCPU-Z, yakachengetedzwa uye yakagadziridzwa nenharaunda yeUbuntu neLinux Mint.
• Lshw-GTKmufananidzo wepamberi wemurairo lshw, iyo inoronga ruzivo rwese rwunowanikwa nechombo chekonsoro muhwindo rimwe chete.
• sysinfo, muoni weruzivo rwese rwesystem, unobatsira pamakombiyuta ekare kana paunenge usingade ruzivo rwakawanda.

Mashandisirwo aya emifananidzo anobatsira vashandisi vasinganyatso nyatsonzwisisa mutsetse wemirairo.Asi terminal inoramba iri banga reSwiss Army rinokutendera kuti unyatso tsanangura zvakadzama uye otomatiki.

Linux inorayira kuona hardware zvakadzama

Zvese zvaunogona kuita neGUI muLinux unogona zvakare kuzviita (uye zvinenge zviri nani nguva dzose) kubva paterminal. Mirairo yekunyorwa kwehardware inokurumidza, inonyorwa, uye inoshanda uri kure, izvo zvakanaka kana uri kupa rutsigiro uri kure kana kushanda pamaseva asina nzvimbo yemifananidzo.

Kana uchida kuziva kuti PC itsva iri nani sei kana tichienzanisa neyakoMirairo iyi ichakupa data raw paCPU, RAM, disks, PCI bus, USB, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Ingoimhanyisa, enzanisa output nezvinotsanangurwa nekombuta itsva, uye uchava nepfungwa isina kusarura yemusiyano wacho.

Mhuri yemirairo ye "ls*" yemidziyo yekunyora mazita

Mirairo yakati wandei yekuona hardware muLinux inotanga na “ls” zvichiteverwa nerudzi rwechishandiso. Zviri nyore kurangarira uye zvinopa maonero akajeka ekuti sisitimu inoona sei chikamu chimwe nechimwe.

• lscpuInoratidza ruzivo rwakadzama rweCPU: magadzirirwo, macores, threads, frequency, instruction flags, nezvimwewo. Haina zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa; iri nyore uye yakakwana pakuenzanisa processor yekare neyazvino.
• lshw -pfupiRondedzero yakazara, yakapfupikiswa yemidziyo yese yesystem (CPU, RAM, motherboard, storage, USB, network, nezvimwewo). sudo lshw Unowana rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama, asi fomati "pfupi" inokwanisika.
• lspciInoratidza zvishandiso zvese zvakabatana nePCI bus (GPU, SATA controllers, network cards, USB, nezvimwewo). Unogona kuisanganisa ne grep kusefa, semuenzaniso: lspci -v | grep "VGA" -A 12 kuti titarise kadhi remifananidzo.
• lsscsiInonyora midziyo yeSCSI neSATA, yakadai semadhiraivha akaomarara nemadhiraivha emagetsi. Inobatsira zvikuru pakuona kuti ndeapi madhiraivha chaiwo anowanikwa nesystem.
• lasyb: tsananguro ye zvishandiso zvakabatana neUSB uye ma controllers anoenderana; zvakanaka pakutarisa kana Linux iri kuona dambudziko re peripheral.
• lsblk: inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pemadhisiki, mapatimenti uye ma mount points, kusanganisira zvishandiso zvekunze uye ma optical drives.

Mirairo iyi yakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe neruzivo rwuri mukati mehurongwa pachahwo.kuitira kuti mugone kuenzanisa mamodheru, maID evatengesi uye maID ezvigadzirwa nemagwaro epamhepo kana nehunyanzvi hwemuchina mutsva wamuri kufunga nezvawo.

Mimwe mirairo inokosha yekudzidza nezve PC yako muLinux

Kupfuura "ls*", kune zvishandiso zvinopa maonero akazara emamiriro emidziyo.kubva pakushandiswa kwendangariro kusvika pachimiro cheDMI chebhodhi reamai kana hunhu hwedhisiki.

• df -HIzvi zvinoratidza zvikamu zvakaiswa pamwe nenzvimbo yakashandiswa uye yakasununguka pane imwe neimwe, uchishandisa mayuniti evanhu (GB, TB). Zvakanakira kuziva kana uchida imwe nzvimbo yekuchengetera pakombuta yako inotevera.
• fdiskKufanana neDiskpart muWindows, inokutendera kuti uronge uye ushandure zvikamu. sudo fdisk -l Uchaona madhisiki ese nematafura avo ekuparadzanisa.
• akasununguka -mIzvi zvinoratidza RAM yako yese uye kuti ingani iri kushandiswa, mumamegabytes. Nekugadzirisa marongero, unogona kuiona mune mamwe mayuniti. Izvi zvakakosha pakusarudza kana zvichikosha kusimudzira kubva, semuenzaniso, 8 GB kuenda ku16 GB kana 32 GB muPC itsva.
• dmidecodeInoburitsa data kubva pamatafura eDMI/SMBIOS emotherboard. Inokupa ruzivo rwakadai semugadziri, modhi, nhamba yeserial, masoketi ememory, nezvimwewo, izvo zvisingawanzo kuratidzwa pane chero girafu remifananidzo.
• hdparm: Inoratidza ruzivo rwakaderera nezvemidziyo yeSATA (HDD/SSD disks), senge transfer mode, cache, advanced parameters, nezvimwewo.

Kuzadzisa mirairo iyi nezvishandiso zvakaita se inxi kunokutendera kuti ugadzire mishumo yakazara izvo zvaunogona kukopa nekunamira mumaforamu ekubatsira, matikiti ekutsigira, kana kutochengeta sechinongedzo chekuenzanisa nezvinodiwa nekombuta itsva.

hwinfo ne inxi: mishumo yehunyanzvi yakadzama

hwinfo chishandiso chekonsoro chakagadzirirwa kuratidza "zvese zvinozivikanwa nehurongwa" nezve hardwareKuburitswa kwayo kwakakura zvikuru uye kwakawanda, asi kana uchitsvaga ruzivo rwakati (semuenzaniso, hunhu hwakanangana nekadhi remifananidzo kana adapta yenetiweki) igoridhi.

Unogona kuiisa paDebian/Ubuntu nekushandisa nzira iri nyore sudo apt install hwinfoTevere, mimwe mirairo inobatsira ndeiyi:

hwinfo | more tarisa peji nepeji
hwinfo --cpu tarisa paCPU
hwinfo --disk ruzivo rwedhisiki
hwinfo --gfxcard data regirafu

Inxi, kune rumwe rutivi, ichinyorwa chePerl chakagadzirirwa kuunganidza ruzivo uye kugovana zviri nyore.Iri munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu zvakawanda uye yakaiswa ne:

Shandisa murairo uyu: sudo apt install inxi

Chinhu chikuru chakanakira ndechekuti unogona kugadzirisa huwandu hwezvinhu uchishandisa ma parameter akajeka.:

• inxi Hapana sarudzo: inoratidza mutsetse wakareruka.
• inxi -b: ruzivo rwepakutanga asi rwakakwana.
• inxi -F: mushumo wakadzama wehurongwa hwese (CPU, RAM, disk, GPU, network, kernel, desktop, nezvimwewo).
• inxi -h: Vhura rubatsiro kuti uone ma parameter ese aripo.

Nemurairo mumwe chete unogona kuwana pfupiso yakakwana yekuenzanisa komputa yekare neitsva.kana kutumira nyanzvi yezvemagetsi kuti ione kuti zvipingamupinyi zviri kupi.

Dhairekitori re /proc: apo "zvese zviri mafaira"

MuGNU/Linux, zvinonzi zvese ifaira, uye /proc dhairekitori ndiyo muenzaniso wakanakisa.Harisi dhairekitori rinooneka padhisiki, asi sisitimu yemafaira chaiyo inoratidza mamiriro aripo ekernel nehardware.

Mukati me /proc muchawana mafaira anomiririra ruzivo nezve CPU, memory, network uye maitiroMamwe mafaira anobatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa hardware ndeaya:

cat /proc/cpuinfo ruzivo rwe processor
cat /proc/meminfo mamiriro ekurangarira
cat /proc/net ruzivo rwenetiweki

Kana rwendo rwacho rwakareba, rusanganise nechikepe cheLesser kuti ufambe zvakanaka., semuenzaniso: cat /proc/cpuinfo | lessUnogona zvakare kunyora zvese zviri mu /proc ne ls /proc/kunyangwe madhairekitori mazhinji anoenderana nemaitiro ekumhanya.

Maitiro ekuziva kuti ndeipi Linux distro yaunoshandisa uye ruzivo rwayo rwakakosha

Usati waenzanisa komputa yako neimwe, zvakakosha kuti ujekese kuti uri kushandisa nzira ipi yekugovera, vhezheni, uye kernel.Ruzivo urwu runogona kukanganisa mashandiro, kufambirana kwemutyairi, uye rutsigiro rwemamwe maapplication.

Mazhinji ma distros anosanganisira chikamu che "About" mupaneru yezvigadziriso Ikoko uchaona zita rekugoverwa, vhezheni, nzvimbo yedesktop, ruzivo rwekutanga rwehardware, uye ruzivo rwema graphics system. Haisi iyo nzira ine ruzivo rwakadzama, asi ndeimwe yeinokurumidza.

Mirairo yekuziva kugoverwa kwako uye kernel

Nzira yakavimbika yekuziva kuti ndeipi distro neshanduro yauri kushandisa ndeyekushandisa terminal.Mimwe mirairo inobatsira ndeiyi:

cat /etc/*-release
Zita rekugovera rinodzosavhezheni nezvimwe zvinozivisa. Inoshanda pane zvakawanda zvinogoverwa kubva kuDebian nedzimwe mhuri.

lsb_release -a
Pfupiso yeruzivo rwekugoverwa kwemashoko (Tsananguro, Shanduro, ID). Inenge nzira pfupi yekusvika pane yapfuura.

hostnamectl
Pamusoro pezita rechikwata uye ID yemuchinaInoratidza vhezheni yekernel uye, kazhinji, kugoverwa kwayo nevhezheni yayo.

uname -a
Inoratidza ruzivo rwe kernel (zita, shanduro, magadzirirwo) uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu esystem. Inowanzoshandiswa pakukumbira rutsigiro kana kuenzanisa nharaunda.

Mu Arch Linux-based distributions (Arch, Manjaro, nezvimwewo) Mirairo iyi ichiri kubatsira, asi inotevera ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa:

cat /etc/os-release
uname -r

Pamasystem akavakirwa paRed Hat (RHEL, CentOS, Fedora yekare) Inowanzo kuwanikwa:

cat /etc/redhat-release

"Tora" zvishandiso zvekuona software uye pfupiso yehardware

Zvishandiso zve "Fetch" zvave zvakakurumbira zvikuru nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwazvo kwerunako uye kushanda kwazvinoita.Vanoratidza logo yeASCII yedistro uye, padivi payo, runyorwa rwe data rema key system, software ne hardware.

• nemablog: inoratidza kugoverwa, kernel, desktop, theme, icons, shell, uptime, uye basic CPU, GPU, uye RAM data. Yakaiswa ne sudo apt install neofetch uye inomhanya ne neofetch.
• skrini kutoraYakafanana zvikuru neNeofetch, ine musiyano mudiki mukugadzirwa kweASCII uye nzira iyo ruzivo rwunopihwa nayo. Yakaiswa, semuenzaniso, ne sudo apt install screenfetch.
• archy4Zvakafuridzirwa nezvishandiso izvi, asi nekugona kwakawedzerwa kwe verenga masensa uye tembiricha dzekuratidziraInowanzoiswa kubva panzvimbo yayo yekuchengetedza paGitHub.

Pamusoro pezvo, kune mhando dzakawanda dzakadai seFreshfetch, Linux_logo, Fetch-master 6000, Macchina, Pfetch kana NerdfetchMamwe akanyorwa muRust, mamwe ari mashoma zvakanyanya, asi ese aine pfungwa imwechete: maonero anokurumidza uye anoyevedza ezvauri pasi pemusoro.

Kana uchida kuchengetedza ruzivo irworwo, ruongorore gare gare kana kuti ruenzanise neimwe komputaIngo tora skrini uchitarisa zvinobuda mu neofetch kana mapurogiramu akafanana, woichengeta mugore, kana kutotumidza zita remuchina uyu uchishandisa distro nekernel version yauri kushandisa.

Zvishandiso zveWindows zvekutarisa nekuenzanisa hardware

Kana uine imwe PC ine Windows uye imwe ine Linux, kana kuti uri kufunga nezvekutamaZvinobatsira zvikuru kuziva maturusi akaenzana mumasisitimu ese ari maviri kuti uenzanise nhamba: CPU, RAM, GPU, disks, motherboards, nezvimwewo.

MuWindows une zvese zvinoshandiswa zvakabatanidzwa musystem pachayo zvakaita semapurogiramu anozivikanwa echitatu anokupa maonero akajeka ezvimiro zvekombuta yako.

Windows Yakavakwa-mukati Zvishandiso

Windows inopa nzira nhatu huru dzekuona maficha ekutanga ePC pasina kuisa chero chinhu:

• System PropertiesKuratidza CPU, RAM yakaiswa, uye Windows edition. Unogona kuiwana nekubatanidza Windows + Pause/Break kana kubva pa "Kombiyuta iyi" > tinya-kurudyi > "Zvinhu".
• DXDiag (DirectX diagnostic tool): inotanga ne Windows + R uye kunyora dxdiagInopa ruzivo nezve CPU, RAM, DirectX version, pamwe neruzivo rwemakadhi emifananidzo (mu "Display"), midziyo inonzwika uye zvinopinda mukati.
• System RuzivoInogona kuwanikwa se "System Information" muStart menu. Ndiyo yakazara zvakanyanya maererano neruzivo, ine muti wakakura wehardware nesoftware components, kunyangwe zvichinetsa kusarudza zvaunoda chaizvo.

Ruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira runowanikwa muchikamu che "Components". Uye mu "System Summary," uchaona CPU, RAM, motherboard, BIOS, network adapters, nezvimwewo. Kuva neruzivo urwu kuri nyore kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuenzanisa nezvinopihwa neLinux pakombuta imwe chete kana nemodhi itsva.

Mapurogiramu echitatu-bato paWindows

Kana uchida kuenda mberi, kune maturusi ane simba emahara uye anobhadharwa aripo. Kune Windows, iyo inopfupisa ruzivo rwese rwePC runoshanda pasina ruzha:

• AIDA64 (Extreme/Engineer): Suite inobhadharwa ine kuyedzwa kwemazuva makumi matatu, iyo, pamusoro pekunyora hardware nesoftware, inosanganisira zviyero uye bvunzo dzekushushikana. Inzvimbo yekutarisa mukuongorora masisitimu.
• MuenzanisoChishandiso chemahara chakagadzirwa nevagadziri veCCleaner. Chinoratidza CPU, RAM, motherboard, nzvimbo yekuchengetera, operating system, nezvimwe zviri nyore kushandisa. Ingobvisa chiratidzo chekusarudza CCleaner paunenge uchiisa wizard.

Kana tichienzanisa mhedzisiro yezvishandiso izvi nezvishandiso zveLinux (HardInfo, CPU-X, inxi, nezvimwewo) zvichakupa mufananidzo chaiwo wekuti hardware yako inotaridzika sei mune yega yega operating system uye kana paine chero chinhu chinoshanda zviri nani kana chinotsigirwa zviri nani munzvimbo imwe kana imwe.

Kugona maturusi ekuongorora muGNU/Linux neWindows kunokuisa munzvimbo yakasarudzika. Kutarisira, kugadzirisa kana kutsiva michina yako nekuchenjera, kudzivirira kushamisika nemadhiraivha uye kuenderana kwayo uye kushandisa ruzivo rwakawanda rwunowanikwa pawebhu nezve processor yega yega, kadhi remifananidzo kana dhisiki zvichibva padata rawakawana kubva kusystem yako.