Chii chinonzi Active State Power Manager uye chinokanganisa sei kuita?

Kana iwe wakamboona chimwe chinhu senge "PCI Express Active-State Power Management (ASPM) yakaremara" mune Windows simba reshumo. Uye kana iwe wakasara usina kutarisa, usanetseka: hausi wega. Iyi tekinoroji inonzwika tekinoroji, asi inonyatso kuwira pasi kuti komputa yako inosarudza sei kuyera mashandisiro emagetsi uye kuita kana PCI Express michina isiri kushanda yakazara.

Kunzwisisa kuti Active State Power Manager chii uye kuti inokanganisa sei kuita kwakakosha. Kunyangwe iwe uri kushandisa laptop uye uchida kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri, kana kutonga maseva kana maPC ane simba uye ane hanya nekugadzikana uye nepamusoro pekuita pane kuchengetedza mashoma watts, isu tinoipwanya nekungwarira, tichiibatanidza nemamwe maconcepts sePCIe, ACPI, masimba masimba, BIOS/UEFI, uye Windows neLinux magetsi sarudzo.

Chii chinonzi Active State Power Management (ASPM) muPCI Express?

Active State Power Management (ASPM) isimba rekuchengetedza simba rakabatanidzwa muPCI Express standard ASPM inogadzirisa kushandiswa kwePCIe zvinongedzo kana zvishandiso zvakabatana zvisiri kufambisa data. Panzvimbo pekuchengetedza chinongedzo nguva dzose "pakazara mutoro," ASPM inobvumira icho chinongedzo pakati peCPU kana chipset nePCIe mudziyo kuti uende mune yakaderera mutoro. pasi simba nyika panguva yekusaita basa.

Pfungwa yekutanga iri nyore: kana pasina data traffic, chinongedzo "chinozorora"Inopedza simba shoma uye inogadzira kupisa kushoma. Kana ichidiwa zvakare, chinongedzo chinodzokera kumamiriro ayo anoshanda. Shanduko iyi haina mutengo: inowedzera zvimwe latencyUye ndipo panopinda chiyero pakati pekuita nekuita zvakanaka.

ASPM inotarisisa simba renyika kumativi ese ePCIe link. (semuenzaniso, iyo chipset's PCIe controller uye iyo kadhi yemifananidzo(kana iyo NVMe controller). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuchengetedza kunoitika kwete mumudziyo chete, asiwo mune yepanyama link pachayo (iyo PCIe yekufambisa layer), kunyangwe iyo PCIe mudziyo pachayo inoramba iri mu "inoshanda zvizere" simba resimba.

MuLinux masisitimu, maitiro epasi rose eASPM anotungamirwa kubva kune kernel module inoenderana nePCIePane module parameter yakafumurwa mukati /sys/module/pcie_aspm/parameters/policy uko mutemo uchashandiswa unotsanangurwa. Pamusoro pezvo, ma paramita akadai [anotevera] anogona kushandiswa panguva yekutanga kernel. pcie_aspm=off kuidzima pasi rose kana pcie_aspm=force kumanikidza ASPM kunyangwe pamidziyo iyo, mudzidziso, isingaitsigire nemazvo (chimwe chinhu chinogona kukonzera matambudziko pane zvinetswa hardware).

Hukama pakati peASPM, Link State Power Management uye sarudzo dzemagetsi muWindows

MuWindows, izvi zvinowanzoitika mumasarudzo emagetsi se "Link State Power Management" (kana kuti "Link-State Power Management") iri, muchidimbu, nzira iyo sisitimu inoshanda inofumura uye inodzora iyo ASPM mutemo weinowirirana PCIe link.

Iyi gadziriso iri mukati mehurongwa hwesimbaMunzira yakajairika: Zvirongwa → Sisitimu → Simba & kurara → Mamwe magadzirirwo emagetsi → Shandura marongero ehurongwa → Shandura magadzirirwo emagetsi epamberi. Mukati mesarudzo dzepamberi, pasi pe "PCI Express", iwe unowana "Link-state simba manejimendi".

Windows inowanzopa nhanho nhatu dzemaitiro eLink State Power Management izvo, zvine musoro, zvinoenderana nemadhigirii akasiyana ekuchengetedza uye latency:

• YakabviswaIyo PCIe link haipindi masimba ekuchengetedza masimba; kuita uye low latency zvinoiswa pamberi.
• Kuchengetedza simba kuri pakati nepakatiIyo sisitimu inoshandisa chikamu chepakati chekuchengetedza simba. Kushandiswa kunoderedzwa zvishoma, asi nguva yekudzikinura kubva kune yakaderera-yakashandiswa nyika inokurumidza kukurumidza.
• Maximum simba rekuchengetedzaIyo link inovharwa zvine hukasha kana pasina traffic; kushandiswa kunodonha zvakanyanya, asi nguva yekumuka kubva kune yakaderera-simba nyika yakareba.

Palaptop, kusarudza pakati pepakati nepakati kana kukwirira kunogona kuita mutsauko wakakura muhupenyu hwebhatiri.Kunyanya kana komputa ikapedza nguva yakati wandei ichiita mabasa akareruka sekubhurawuza kana kuona mavhidhiyo. Pane desktop kana PC yemitambo, vashandisi vazhinji vanosarudza kuisiya yakaremara kuti vadzivise chero inogona kuitika latency uye kuwedzera FPS yega yega.

Iyo ASPM inokanganisa sei kuita uye hupenyu hwebhatiri

Kunyanya kuoneka kweASPM kunoonekwa pamativi maviri: kuita (latency) uye kushandiswa kwesimbaIwo mativi maviri emari imwe chete, uye kutamba nezvirongwa zvinoreva kuisa pamberi peimwe kana imwe.

Kana ASPM ikagoneswa uye mune hukasha modes, iyo sisitimu inokwanisa kuderedza mashandisirwo emagetsi paPCIe zvinongedzo. chero ivo vasiri kuita kufambisa data. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mu:

• Laptop, iyo inoenderana nesimba rebhatiri uye inokoshesa ese watt akachengetwa.
• Masisitimu ane akawanda PCIe zvishandiso (makadhi emifananidzo, NICs, zvigadziriso zvekuchengetedza, nezvimwewo), uko kuunganidzwa kwekuchengetedza kunogona kuve kwakakosha.
• Yakanyanya dense data center uye server nharaundauko mashoma watts per server scale kusvika kunhamba huru pane rack kana data center level.

Mutengo wekubhadhara ndeye latency yakaunzwa paunenge uchichinja kubva kune yakaderera-simba nyika kuenda kune inoshanda.Mukushandiswa kwakawanda (kushandiswa kwehofisi, kubhurawuza, kutamba kwemultimedia), iyi latency inowanzo onekwa kune mushandisi. Nekudaro, mukuda mamiriro - emitambo, yakaderera network latency, yakakura kuchengetedza mitoro-inogona kuve neiyo marginal, kunyangwe kazhinji idiki, mhedzisiro.

Dzimwe ongororo uye zvidzidzo zvakataura kuvandudzwa kwesimba resimba uye PCIe mashandisiro ebhazi anosvika makumi maviri muzana neakakodzera ASPM manejimendi.Izvi hazvireve kuti mudziyo wako uchamhanya 20% nekukurumidza, asi kuti kune iwowo basa rekuita rinogona kupedza simba shoma uye kuburitsa kupisa kushoma, izvo zvinonyanya kufadza malaptop uye nharembozha.

MuWindows, zvakajairika kune zvishandiso senge powercfg -energy ratidza kukanganisa kune ASPM yemhando: "PCI Express Active-State Power Management (ASPM) yakaremara nekuda kwekusawirirana nehardware yemukombuta iyi." Muzviitiko izvi, Windows yakasarudza kuvhara ASPM nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza, nokuti inoziva kuti chimwe chikamu hachiibati zvakanaka uye chinogona kukonzera kuparara, kubviswa kwechigadzirwa, kana kusagadzikana.

Matambudziko akajairika: ASPM zvikanganiso, mabhatiri, uye kuenderana kwehardware

Vazhinji vashandisi vanotanga kusangana neASPM pavanenge vachiongorora matambudziko ebhatiri kana simba rekuongororakunyanya mumalaptops ane simba ane maCPU emazuva ano uye akazvipira maGPU (semuenzaniso, makomputa ane 12th chizvarwa Intel Core i9 uye yepamusoro-yekupedzisira RTX mifananidzo).

Muenzaniso wakajairika ilaptop nyowani ine bhatiri rinogara rakaderera pane yaitarisirwa. (2-2,5 maawa mukushandiswa kwechiedza zvichienzaniswa neawa 5-6 akataurwa nevamwe vashandisi). Kana uchigadzira report ne powercfg -energy MuWindows, zvikanganiso senge zvinotevera zvinoonekwa:

• "Platform simba rekutonga masimba: PCI Express Active-State Power Management (ASPM) yakaremara. ASPM yakaremara nekuda kwekusazivikanwa kunoenderana nehardware yemukombuta iyi."
• Yambiro pamusoro USB zvishandiso iyo isingapinde yakasarudzika kumiswa (semuenzaniso, zvishandiso zvine chaiwo maID ID), izvo zvinowedzerawo mashandisiro emagetsi ekumira.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, haisi nguva dzose kukanganisa kwe processor.Kazhinji inosanganiswa ne:

• Dhizaini dhizaini (motherboard, BIOS/UEFI, mashandisiro anoita mugadziri matafura eACPI uye rutsigiro rweASPM).
• Vatyairi vemidziyo (GPU, NIC, kuchengetedza, USB) iyo isingaite zvizere kana nemazvo kushandisa ASPM.
• USB yekunze midziyo izvo zvinodzivirira kumisa kusarudzwa kana kuchengetedza sisitimu inoshanda zvakanyanya pane inodiwa.

Mukuita, apo Windows inoshuma kuti ASPM yakaremara nekuda kwekusawiriranaKuimutsazve pasina njodzi haiwanzoita sarudzo diki. Kuimanikidza kuburikidza nema hacks kana madhiraivha akagadziridzwa anogona kukonzera, semuenzaniso, kadhi retiweki kumira kupindura kusvika patangazve.

Kubvisa matambudziko esoftware chete muWindows, mamwe matanho ekutanga anowanzo kukurudzirwa.Mhanyai dambudziko remagetsi, Gadziridza Windows uye vatyairiuye mune dzimwe nguva ita system faira cheki ne SFC (sfc /scannow) uye DISM zvishandiso (DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Scanhealth y /RestorehealthKana mushure mezvose izvo mushumo uchiri kuratidza ASPM yakaremara nehardware, ingangove yekumisikidza kwemidziyo pachayo kana firmware yayo.

ASPM pamaseva uye 24/7 zvishandiso: Zvakakodzera here?

Munyika ye24/7 maseva, ASPM inogadzira nharo yakati wandei.Kune rimwe divi, kuchengetedza simba paPCIe zvinongedzo zvinoita senge zano rakanaka. Kune rumwe rutivi, chero chirevo chekusagadzikana kana kurasikirwa kwepakiti hazvigamuchirwi.

Muenzaniso wekare ndewemamwe Intel network makadhi (akadai se82574L) iyo inoratidzira yakanyatso kunyorwa kwehardware kukanganisa: pasi pemamwe mamiriro, kutakura kwepaketi kunomira uye kunongodzoreredzwa mushure mekutangazve. Imwe nzira yekudzikisa dambudziko iri ndeye Dzima ASPM yemudziyo iwoyo kana pasi rose.

MuLinux, kune nzira dzinoverengeka dzekugadzirisa nyaya idzi pane server.:

• Dzima ASPM pasi rose ine kernel boot parameter pcie_aspm=offNdiyo mhinduro inonyanya kushanda, inoshanda kune ese maturusi, pamutengo wekusiya zvachose iyi simba rekuchengetedza.
• Shandisa mutyairi ane zvigamba (semuenzaniso, yakagadziridzwa vhezheni ye e1000e (yeIntel NICs) inodzima ASPM kana kufuratira dzimwe nyika dzine dambudziko chete kune yakabatwa mudziyo.
• Shandura iyo ASPM bits yeimwe mudziyo nemidziyo yakaita setpci, kugadzirisa maitiro panguva yekumhanya pasina kukanganisa iyo yese sisitimu (kunyangwe shanduko dzinowanzorasika mushure mekutangazve kana dzisiri otomatiki).

Mubvunzo wakakosha kwandiri ndewekuti simba rekuchengetedza reASPM rinopfuura njodzi uye kuomaMunzvimbo dzakawanda dzakaoma dzekugadzira, kugadzikana uye kufungidzira ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha. Ndosaka zvakajairika kuona ASPM yakaremara muBIOS kana kernel pamichina inoshandiswa kune dhatabhesi, yakanyanya virtualization, kana network masevhisi asingakwanise kubhadhara nguva.

Izvo zvakati, ASPM inogona zvakare kuiswa kune mamwe maseva maseva.sePCIe RAID makadhi kana NVMe controllers. Kana iyo firmware uye madhiraivha akagadzirwa zvakanaka, kuchengetedza kwesimba kunogona kuwanikwa pasina kukanganisa kuwanikwa, kunyangwe iyo chaiyo bhenefiti inoenderana zvakanyanya nekuti izvi zvishandiso zvine nguva dzakakosha dzekusaita kana kuti dzinogara dzakaremerwa.

ASPM, ACPI uye akasiyana masimba masimba ehurongwa

Kuti tinzwisise kuti ASPM inopinda papi musimba rekutonga "mepu", tinoda kutaura nezve ACPI. (Advanced Configuration uye Power Interface). ACPI ndiyo chiyero chakatsiva yekare APM uye inotsanangura kuti firmware (BIOS/UEFI) uye sisitimu yekushandisa inotaurirana sei kutonga simba, kukanganisa, kurara, IRQ kugoverwa, nezvimwe zvakawanda.

ACPI chinhu chakakosha mune angangoita ese emazuva ano Hardware, kwete x86 chete.Yakazvarwa kubva kuIntel, Microsoft uye Toshiba mu90s, asi nekufamba kwemakore yakapararirawo kune zvivakwa zvakaita seArM, kunyanya musevha neHPC ndima, uko zvakawanda zvikamu zve x86 ecosystem (UEFI, GPUs, nezvimwewo) zvinoshandiswa zvakare.

Kunyangwe iri chiyero chakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya, ACPI yakagamuchira kushoropodzwa kwakawanda.Mamwe manzwi ane mukurumbira muindastiri, akadai seCanonical muvambi Mark Shuttleworth, akataura kuti yakavharwa firmware (kusanganisira ACPI kuita) ndeye yakanakira vheji yekusagadzikana kwekuchengetedza uye inogona kuseri kwemba. Mhosva dzakafukunurwa zvakare apo vagadziri vakaita seLenovo neSamsung vanoshandisa mamwe maWindows ACPI matafura (semuenzaniso, iyo WPBT tafura) kuisa inokahadzika software kana, ne theoretically, inogona kufambisa kuisirwa kunoramba kuripo rootkits.

Mukati me ACPI universe tinowana akati wandei marudzi esimba renyika iyo inobata zvese zvese system uye chaiyo michina uye processor. ASPM inonyanya kuenderana nePCIe link component, asi inodyidzana nematanho ese aya:

Nyika dzepasi rose dzeSystem (G States)

Nyika dzepasi rose dzinotsanangura nhanho yebasa rechikwata chose. uye inomiririrwa neGx/Sx masanganiswa:

• G0/S0Iyo system iri kushanda zvakajairika.
• G1 (kumiswa modes), iyo inozopatsanurwa kuita:
  • G1/S1Kumiswa kwechiedza; CPU uye cache zvinoramba zvine simba.
  • G1/S2Iyo CPU inovhara pasi uye data inorasika mumarejista ayo, asi chikamu chehurongwa chinoramba chine simba.
  • G1/S3: "kumisa ku RAM"; iyo system inoita kunge yakadzimwa, asi RAM inoramba ichipihwa simba kuchengetedza nyika.
  • G1/S4: hibernation; zviri mukati me RAM zvinokandwa mudura uye RAM inogona kudzimwa.
• G2/S5: soft shutdown; iyo sisitimu yakadzimwa, asi kune ishoma simba rekubvumidza simba-kumusoro nechiitiko (keyboard, network, nezvimwewo).
• G3: kudzima zvachose; hapana magetsi kunze kwezvidiki-diki senge wachi chaiyo-nguva inofambiswa nebhatiri.

ASPM inonyanya kuuya kana tiri muG0/S0Ndiko kuti, ine system inobatidzwa uye inoshanda. Apa ndipo apo PCIe zvinongedzo zvinogona kushandura kubva kunoshanda nyika kuenda kune yakaderera-simba nyika pasina sisitimu inorara zvachose.

Device states (D States) uye processor states (C States)

Pamusoro penyika dzepasirese, ACPI inotsanangura mudziyo-level simba nyika, dzinonzi D States:

• D0: mudziyo wakabatidzwa uye 100% inoshanda.
• D1 uye D2: nyika dzepakati dzinosiyana zvichienderana nechigadzirwa; vanochengetedza rimwe simba asi vanochengeta kumwe kudavidza.
• D3: yakakamurwa kuva "inopisa" uye "inotonhora", zvichienderana nokuti inochengetedza simba rekubatsira here kana kwete; inogona kumira kudaira bhazi zvachose.

Mukufanana, iwo ma processor ane yavo C nyika.Aya anodzora kuti yakawanda sei iyo CPU "inozorora" kana pasina basa rekuita. Zvimwe zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:

• C0: kernel inoshingairira kuita kodhi.
• C1/C1E: "mira" mamiriro; iyo kernel haiite mirairo asi inogona kudzokera kuC0 kanenge ipapo ipapo. Musiyano weC1E unowedzera mamwe magadzirirwo ekuchengetedza simba.
• C2: "stop-clock"; iyo yepakati wachi yakamiswa, inotora nguva yakati rebei kudzokera kuC0.
• C3 uye nyika dzakadzika (C4-C10 mumaCPU emazuva ano): macache anodururwa, wachi dzemukati dzinodzimwa uye mune dzimwe nguva musimboti wacho wakatodzimwa, kuchengetedza mamiriro ayo mundangariro dzakatsaurirwa (semuenzaniso, C6 inochengetedza nyika muSRAM nepakati pa0 V).

Shanduko pakati penyika idzi dzinokonzereswa nemirairo yakasarudzika senge HLT kana MWAITIzvi zvinotungamirirwa nehurongwa hwekushanda uye masimba emagetsi. Kuvhiringidzwa kwehardware kunoita kuti musimboti uchinje kuC0 kuti uibate, uye mamwe ma processor azvino anototungamira zvinokanganisa kune atoshanda cores kudzivirira zvisina basa "kumutsa" mamwe macore cores.

processor performance states (P States)

P Nyika dzinotarisa paCPU core performanceIvo vanobvumira kugadziridzwa kwesimba kweiyo processor frequency uye voltage, kuchengetedza simba kana yakanyanya simba isiri kudikanwa uye kuwedzera kumhanya kana zvichidikanwa.

P States dzinowanzo miririrwa seP0, P1, P2,… P0 iri iyo mamiriro epamusoro frequency uye voltage, uye inotevera nyika ine yakaderera frequency uye yakaderera simba mashandisiro. Tekinoroji dzakadai Intel SpeedStep, AMD PowerNow!, VIA PowerSaver, kana Turbo modes Ivo vanovimba nematunhu aya kuyera frequency zvinoenderana nemutoro uye miganho seTDP (PL1, PL2, nezvimwewo).

MuLinux, maitiro aya anodzorwa ne subsystems senge cpufreq y cpuidleIzvo zvinokwanisika kutarisa inoshanda frequency governor nemirairo yakadai se cpupower frequency-info kana kuongorora mafaera mukati /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/, uko ruzivo rwakadai sehuwandu hwazvino, hurefu uye hushoma frequency, uye magavhuna aripo anoratidzwa (mutambo, powersave, ondemand, Rakachengetedzaetc.) uye mutyairi akashandisa.

Kunyangwe zvese izvi zvingaite sezvisina hukama neASPM, ichokwadi chikamu cheiyo ACPI ecosystem: akasiyana akaturikidzana uye masisitimu anoshandira pamwe kugadzirisa CPU mashandisiro emagetsi uye kuita, zvishandiso uye system zvinongedzo, kusanganisira PCIe.

Kuitwa kunoshanda kweASPM: BIOS/UEFI, sisitimu yekushandisa uye vatyairi

Kuti ASPM ishande nemazvo, kubatana kwevatambi vakuru vatatu kunodiwa.: the motherboard firmware (BIOS/UEFI), sisitimu yekushandisa, uye madhiraivha ePCIe.

BIOS/UEFI inowanzobatanidza sarudzo dzeASPM kana Link State Power Management. Izvi zvinokutendera kugonesa, kudzima, kana kusarudza chaiwo modhi (semuenzaniso, L0s, L1, Auto, Off). Izvo zvakakosha kuti iyo firmware ishandise nemazvo matafura eACPI uye inotsanangura nemazvo izvo mudziyo wega wega uye PCIe link inotsigira.

Iyo inoshanda sisitimu (Windows, Linux, nezvimwewo) inoverenga ruzivo irworwo kubva kuACPI uye inosarudza kuti ndeapi marongero ekushandisa.MuLinux, sezvataurwa, ASPM inogona kumanikidzwa kana kuremara uchishandisa kernel paramita kana kuburikidza neiyo module's policy file. pcie_aspmMuWindows, manejimendi akaiswa muhurongwa hwemagetsi uye mune sarudzo dze "PCI Express → Link-state simba manejimendi".

PCIe mudziyo vatyairi vanoitawo basa rakakoshaKuti ubatsirwe kubva kuASPM pasina matambudziko, vanofanirwa:

• Nyatsozivisa mudziyo simba rekuchengetedza simba (izvo zvinoti inotsigira, ndeapi latencies anogamuchirwa, nezvimwewo).
• Ronga nemazvo shanduko yenyikakudzivirira mudziyo kubva ku "chando" kana kutora nguva yakawandisa kupindura kana ichibuda kunze kwesimba rakaderera.
• Kugara uchifambirana nenguvaIzvi zvinodaro nekuti vagadziri vazhinji vanogadzirisa zvikanganiso zveASPM uye vanokwirisa mashandisiro kuburikidza nemutyairi kana firmware zvigadziriso.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vagadziri vakaburitsa madhiraivha akagadziridzwa kudzima ASPM pamhando dzine dambudziko.uchifunga kuti pragmatic "mhinduro" kune Hardware bugs. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita mamwe maIntel NICs muLinux, panowanikwa mavhezheni e e1000e ASPM yakaremara kudzivirira dambudziko rekurasikirwa kwekutapurirana.

Kune wekupedzisira mushandisi, kurudziro yakajairika haisi yekumanikidza ASPM mawoko muBIOS kana sisitimu yekushandisa kunze kwekunge uine kunzwisisa kwakanaka kwehardware. kana kuti pane gwara rakajeka kubva kumugadziri. Kana mushumo weWindows ukati wakaremara nekuda kwekusawirirana, zvinoreva kuti sisitimu yekushandisa yakatosarudza kuti njodzi inodarika kubatsirwa.

ASPM chimwe chidimbu chemazuva ano simba rekutonga puzzleYakanyatsobatanidzwa neACPI, yepasirese, mudziyo, uye CPU masimba masimba. Yakaitwa zvakanaka, inobatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kupisa pasina iwe kucherechedza; ikasaitwa zvisina kunaka, inogona kukonzera chero chinhu kubva padiki latency kusvika pakuparara kwemudziyo uye matambudziko etiweki akaoma kuona.

Kuziva kuti inoshanda sei uye kuti yakagadziridzwa kupi inokubvumira kuti uite sarudzo dzine ruzivo.Kubva pakusarudza iyo chaiyo "Link State Power Management" modhi palaptop yako kuchengetedza bhatiri, pakusarudza kana pane mishoni-yakakosha sevha zvakanyanya kukosha kubayira mashoma watts uye kudzima ASPM mukutsinhana nedombo-yakasimba kugadzikana.